Internet-of-Things

It is possible to track the movement of goods from raw materials to the end consumer (and even in circular economies) and keep reliable digital records of an asset's origin, characteristics, and ownership. For this to take place, a smart contract is deployed to a local hyperledger fabric network via a blockchain platform. As the asset is moving along the supply chain, it is scanned via RFID or barcode by IoT devices, which publishes an event notification to the blockchain platform. The platform then notifies all applications involved in the process that the scan has taken place. An application listening to the platform then invokes a transfer action, which automatically updates the asset's location in the ledger.

A tagging method made up of nano-scale tags capable of detecting change or collecting data about its surroundings. Due to nanotechnology advancements, these tags can inform or keep track of data such as location, data logged along supply-chain or chemical composition. This could be applied to monitor a variety of items, from inside a living being and animal migration pattern to the product packaging and complex supply-chain systems.

The process of acquiring information from distance using remote sensors positioned on a satellite, drone, or aircraft. The sensors used to process information can be passive, only responding to certain stimuli, or active, detecting and recording reflected or emitted energy. This data processing method enables the monitoring, tracking, and mapping of large areas as well as data-informed decision-making.

A ticketing service that allows citizens to move about the city freely, processing the payment for the journey only at the end of commuting or the day. The service is enabled by an online platform, which users access through a mobile app. The app communicates with the chosen mode of transportation via Bluetooth through a be-in / be-out manner, recognizing the selected mode by proximity. The ticket validation requires only a confirmation click from the passenger. It also includes carpooling networks, usually chosen as the first or last mile of the trip. This system collects commuting data to offer personalized trip recommendations according to user habits and information about any unusual traffic's conditions while automatically applying discounts whenever possible. Finally, the day trip's total payment is then deducted from the user's account at the end of the day.

A crowdsourcing additive aggregation method that integrates distributed information sent by contributors, such as votes, GPS location, assessments, predictions, and opinions through approaches such as summation, averaging, or visualization. Information pooling is useful for gathering location-based information, evaluating and selecting alternatives, eliciting and validating customer or citizen needs, forecasting, or market research.

A crowdsourcing approach that breaks a massive project into a series of smaller tasks that only take a few minutes for each contributor to complete, similar to a distributed task-force. This method functions as a scalable effort and time-efficient batch processing of highly repetitive tasks such as categorizing data and translating or correcting texts. Microtasking platforms work with pre-determined, qualitatively equivalent, and homogeneous contributions produced from highly repetitive tasks.

A mapping method that geographically pinpoints and stores where certain events are occurring in real-time based on crowdsourced data collected from Mobile Crowdsensing Platforms. The crowd-sourced mapping approach is processed through a website or a mobile application that does not require registration to report the event. This method is used to map happenings like weather changes, maintenance problems, accidents, fraud, cyber-attacks, sexual harassment, and other crimes. Also, the crowdsourced data fed into the platform allows processing, modeling, evaluation, and, finally, prediction of events in specific areas, thus supporting decision-making processes for citizens, city planners, and policymakers.

Traditional rainfall monitoring techniques (rain gauge, satellites, radars) can be costly and weather stations are often sparsely located. Commercial Microwave Link (CMLs) can provide near-ground rainfall observations in sparsely gauged regions, complement existing observations in regions covered by conventional monitoring networks, and improve the space–time resolution and accuracy of rainfall products. A CML provides a line of sight radio connection between two locations, and is commonly used to interconnect cellphone base station towers as well as other operators. The technique of rainfall estimation using CMLs is based on the fact that rainfall causes attenuation to the radio signals between transmitter and receiver stations in the network. A measurement of rain-induced attenuation can be used to derive the average rain rate along the path. The CML method enables rain measurements in places that have been hard to access in the past or where rainfall has never been measured before. Furthermore, CMLs' implementation cost is minimal; the network infrastructure is in place and the CML data is already collected and logged by many of the cellular operators for quality of assurance needs. However, there are some limitations with this technology. As data stems from a network operated for a different purpose with no default process to distribute the data, unlocking and acquiring CML data is a challenge. Further, fluctuations in signal levels can also be caused by changes in water vapor content and air temperature, as well as strong solar radiation. Other limitations include the overestimation of rain-induced attenuation due to an assumed baseline determination.

Variable rate irrigation (VRI) is a variable rate of water that can be applied to different zones of a field rather than one uniform irrigation rate to address specicic soil, crop, and other conditions. Using satellite and weather data and plant growth models, the optimal amount of irrigation for a field is identified with the ability to have sections of the same field receive more or less water depending on their requirements. VRI can apply no water to certain nozzles and as much as 200 percent of the normal application rate to other nozzles by opening and closing individual nozzles and speeding up or slowing down the pivot.

Artificial pollination is the type of pollination carried out by humans without the presence of insects, such as bees. It is a mechanical technique used to pollinate plants when natural pollination is insufficient or undesirable. In this type of pollination, a mechanical appplication is used to carry pollen or plant sperm from one flower to another flower, which enables the pollen to fertilize the ovaries and create seeds that will develop into fruits and new plants.